How to configure Linux Files Permissions?

Three types of permission read write and execute, Ever file and folder have three relations owner group and
others
-[ Read = r write = w execute = x ] [ owner = u group = g other = o ]
-[root@pc1 ~] # Ls -Ld /disk
-1= nature of object [d=dir -=file L=link]
-2= first three permission for owner [ rwx ]
-3= second three permission for group members [ r-x]
-4= third three permission for others [r-x]
-5= number of inodes contain by this directory
-6= owner of directory
-7= group of directory
-8= size of directory
-9= creating date of object
-10= name of object
-[root@pc1 ~] # Ls -L /disk
-Drwxr-xr – x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 1988 dir1
-Drwxr-xr – x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 1988 dir2
-Drwxr-xr – x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 1988 dir3
-Changing permission = give write permission to other on /disk
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 0+w /disk
-Give read write and execute permission for group on /disk
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod g+rwx /disk
-Assigning read writ and execute permission to user, group and other with single command
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod u+rwx , g+rwx, o – rwx /disk
-Assigning different permission with different commands which separate with semicolon
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod u+rwx /disk ; chmod g+rwx /disk ; chmod 0+rx /disk
-Using number system =----- [ Read = 4 ] [ Write = 2 ] [ Execute = 1 ]
-rwx=7
-r-x=5
----=0
-Assigning full permission to owner and no permission for group and others
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 700 /disk
-Assigning full permission for owner and group no permission for other
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 700 /disk
-Assigning full permission to all
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 777 /disk
-Assigning full permission for owner and read, and execute for group and others
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 755 /disk
-Assigning no permission for all
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 000 /disk
-Assigning sticky bit permission for other
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod o+t /disk
-Assigning suid permission for owner
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod u+s /disk
-Assigning sgid permission for group-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod g+s /disk

How to configure Linux Files Permissions?

Three types of permission read write and execute, Ever file and folder have three relations owner group and
others
-[ Read = r write = w execute = x ] [ owner = u group = g other = o ]
-[root@pc1 ~] # Ls -Ld /disk
-1= nature of object [d=dir -=file L=link]
-2= first three permission for owner [ rwx ]
-3= second three permission for group members [ r-x]
-4= third three permission for others [r-x]
-5= number of inodes contain by this directory
-6= owner of directory
-7= group of directory
-8= size of directory
-9= creating date of object
-10= name of object
-[root@pc1 ~] # Ls -L /disk
-Drwxr-xr – x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 1988 dir1
-Drwxr-xr – x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 1988 dir2
-Drwxr-xr – x 2 root root 4096 Jan 1 1988 dir3
-Changing permission = give write permission to other on /disk
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 0+w /disk
-Give read write and execute permission for group on /disk
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod g+rwx /disk
-Assigning read writ and execute permission to user, group and other with single command
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod u+rwx , g+rwx, o – rwx /disk
-Assigning different permission with different commands which separate with semicolon
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod u+rwx /disk ; chmod g+rwx /disk ; chmod 0+rx /disk
-Using number system =----- [ Read = 4 ] [ Write = 2 ] [ Execute = 1 ]
-rwx=7
-r-x=5
----=0
-Assigning full permission to owner and no permission for group and others
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 700 /disk
-Assigning full permission for owner and group no permission for other
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 700 /disk
-Assigning full permission to all
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 777 /disk
-Assigning full permission for owner and read, and execute for group and others
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 755 /disk
-Assigning no permission for all
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod 000 /disk
-Assigning sticky bit permission for other
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod o+t /disk
-Assigning suid permission for owner
-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod u+s /disk
-Assigning sgid permission for group-[root@pc1 ~] # chmod g+s /disk

How to change the default location of program installation?

You might want to change the location of your system default folder (C:\Program Files) from C drive to another system drives (D or E drive). By default software setup will attempt to install program in C:\Program Files directory. It is good practice to make the backup of the installed programs, if you installed all your programs in other than C drive. If you have little knowledge about editing windows registry then you can configure your computer for this purpose.
Follow the given steps to configure windows registry:
-First click on Start button then type Regedit in Run option.
-Here locate the location to:
Go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion
-Here in right side panel, double click on ProgramFileDir and here its default value is
C:\Program Files.
-Now modify the value to any other drive (for example D:\Program Files).
-Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

Internet Error Codes and Meaning

Sometime you are browsing the internet and trying to open any website, your e-mail and any FTP sites , but you see different error codes there. You should be familiar with these error codes. You can solve these problems if you are well-known with the meaning of error codes.
Error Codes Meaning
-400 This is bad request error, First check you may be typing wrong URL name and server could not understand your request.
-401 You are trying to open any unauthorized access site or page. Check your username and password if you are trying to open any webpage.
-402 Payment Required Error
-403 You are trying to open any forbidden page and you are blocked by that domain.
-404 Here you are trying to open the webpage that was removed or re-named, also check the URL spelling.
-408 This is time out error. you should send the request with in time that the server set for you.

Google security

Google is always adding new products and features. One of these is the Personalized Google Homepage. You can customize it with news, movies, weather, stock market reports and more. How convenient. But there is a dark side.
Google saves your search history. Every person, place, thing, or word you look up is stored in your history (BTW-same goes for the Google Toolbar). This can be cleared or paused on your end, but it will still be saved on the Google server. It's in their Privacy Policy:
"You can delete information from My Search History, and it will be removed from the service and no longer available to you. However, as is common practice in the industry, and as outlined in the Google Privacy Policy, Google maintains a separate logs system for auditing purposes and to help us improve the quality of our services for users."
So, if you have a Personalized Google Homepage, here's how to at least manage history items on your end...
-Click the "My Search History" link then "Remove Items". Put a check next to the items on the list you want removed, or select "All". Finally, hit the "Remove" button.
-If you don't want Search History activated, just click the "Pause" link. Again, the search info still goes to Google, but it doesn't show up in your search history display. To turn S.H. back on just hit "Resume".
-As I mentioned, the Google Toolbar also keeps your history, but it doesn't track you like the Personalized Homepage. To turn off...
-Go to the "Options" button and select the "Search" tab.
-Uncheck "drop down search history", "Save the search history...", and "Automatically search..."

How to enable the advance performance setting in windows vista?

If you have noticed that the speed of your system is very slow with windows vista then today tip is very useful for you to increase the performance of windows vista. There is some default setting in vista which is used to manage the write caching on disk. By default windows enabled the write caching on disk but the advanced performance setting is disabled.
Follow the given steps to configure the advance performance setting in Windows Vista:
-To enable this feature, you will need to be logged into your computer with administrative rights.
-First right click on My Computer icon then select the option Manage.
-Here small windows will appear with title Computer Management, now select the Device Manager option, then locate the SATA Disk under the Disk Drives.
-Here select the enable advanced performance sittings on the SATA disk.
-Now click on Ok button to apply the setting and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

How to perform route summarization using BGP protocol?

Route summarization is the process of replacing a series of routes into a summary route with subnet mask. The main purpose of summarization is to decrease the uses of bandwidth and make the size of routing table smaller. For example if you are trying to advertise four routes 194.1.17.0/24, 194.1.18.0/24, 194.1.19.0/24 and 194.1.20.0/24 from router C to router B then the only summarized address as 194.1.16.0 255.255.248.0 will be advertised in the update packege.
This tip will help you configure BGP route summarization between two different types of routing protocols. In this case, we will try to configure three different routers with routing protocols OSPF & RIP and then advertised one summary route from router C to router B using BGP Aggregate-address command.
Follow the network topology of three different class network in given figure:
Configuration to Enable OSPF & BGP on Router B
1)In global configuration Mode:
-B (config) # router ospf 1
-(Enable ospf protocol and 1 is Autonomous number)
-B (config-router) # network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
-(Advertised router B Serial Network 40.0.0.0)
-B (config-router) # network 210.100.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
-(Advertised router B Ethernet Network 210.100.20.0)
-B (config-router) #redistribute bgp 20 subnet metric 50
-(Redistribute bgp into ospf)
-Now configure BGP on router B
-B(config)# router bgp 20
-B (config-router) # neighbor 61.1.1.2 remote-as 10
-B (config-router) #end
-Now run show command to display the BGP updates.
-B #show ip bgp
-Now verify the summarized route in router B routing table, run the command
-B #show ip route
-Configuration to Enable RIP & BGP on Router C
2)In global configuration Mode:
-C (config) # router rip
-(Enable rip protocol)
-C (config-router) # network 210.100.30.0
-(Advertised router C Serial Network 210.100.30.0)
-C(config)#ip route 40.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 61.1.1.1
-(Create a static route to router A to complete routing table.)
-Now create four static routes and then advertised in BGP.
-C(config)# ip route 194.1.17.0 255.255.255.0 null 0
-C(config)# ip route 194.1.18.0 255.255.255.0 null 0
-C(config)# ip route 194.1.19.0 255.255.255.0 null 0
-C(config)# ip route 194.1.20.0 255.255.255.0 null 0
-Now configure BGP on router C
-C(config)# router bgp 10
-C (config-router) # neighbor 61.1.1.1 remote-as 20
-C (config-router) # redistribute static
-(Advertised static routes)
-C (config-router) # aggregate-address 194.1.16.0 255.255.248.0 summary-only
-(summary of four static routes)
-C (config-router) #end
-Now run show command to display the BGP updates.
-C #show ip bgp
-Now verify the routes in router C routing table, run the command
-C #show ip route
-Configuration to Enable OSPF & BGP on Router A
3)In global configuration Mode:
-A (config) # router ospf 1
-(Enable ospf protocol and 1 is Autonomous number)
-A(config-router) # network 40.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
-(Advertised router A Serial Network 40.0.0.0)
-A(config-router) # network 210.100.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
-(Advertised router A Ethernet Network 210.100.10.0)